Answered by Shaykh Faraz Rabbani
One only leaves fasting due to pregnancy or nursing if there is good reason to fear harm for the mother or baby--based on experience; or reliable Muslim medical opinion (or a non-Muslim's medical judgment that confirms for one that there is "good reason to fear harm); or clear and unmistakable signs. (ibid)
What one should do is attempt to fast, while taking the means to be able to (in terms of fulfilling one's nutritional and other needs in the night hours). Then, if one finds any undue difficulty therein, one should stop. If this happens a few times, one can assume one is unable to fast, unless circumstances change.
Shaykh al-Islam Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani (Allah have mercy on him) said in his Hidaya,
“(Pregnant and nursing women can leave fasting and make it up later, if they fear for themselves) as a lifting of undue hardship. (There is no expiation for them) because it is leaving the fast with excuse.” [Marghinani, al-Hidaya, 2.355-356]
The basis of this are the words of the Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him and give him peace),
“Allah has lifted fasting and half the prayer from the traveller, and the fast from pregnant and nursing women.” [Tirmidhi, Abu Dawud, and Nasa’i]
Imam Najm al-Din Ibn Nujaym (Allah have mercy on him) explains in his al-Bahr al-Ra’iq Sharh Kanz al-Daqa’iq that,
“This is conditioned by fear, meaning reasonable surety (ghalabat al-dhann), which is based on [one of two things]:
a) related past experience [f: or clear signs, such as weakness or feeling faint], or
b) the advice of an expert Muslim doctor [f: or agreeing for oneself that one's non-Muslim doctor's judgment that fasting would entail undue hardship or entails reasonable fear of farm].
… If they does not fear [harship or harm], then it is not permitted for them to leave fasting.” [Ibn Nujaym, al-Bahr al-Ra’iq, 2.307-308]
It is mentioned in the Mawsu`a al-Fiqhiyya that,
“The scholars of fiqh are agreed that pregnant and nursing women can leave fasting in Ramadan on the condition that they fear either for themselves or their children, either falling ill or getting more it, or genuine harm, or death…”
This is understood, the Mawsu`a and classic texts explain, from the Qur’anic verse that,
“Whoever of you is sick or traveling, then fast a like number of days,” [Qur’an, 2.184],
because ‘sickness’ here includes all matters from which genuine harship or harm is feared. [cf: Imam Abu Bakr al-Jassas, Tafsir Ahkam al-Qur’an, 1.243-244; Qadi Abu Bakr Ibn al-Arabi al-Maliki, Ahkam al-Qur’an, 1.110-112]
And Allah alone gives success.Wassalam,
Faraz Rabbani
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